An Elementary School Poetic Devices

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An Elementary School Poetic Devices

By- Stephen Spender

Metaphors

‘gusty waves’ — the privileged children are compared to gusty waves — energetic and exuberant.
‘future’s painted with a fog’ — refers to the future of the slum children which has been compared to the fog because it is uncertain and unclear.
‘sealed in with a lead sky’ — refers to the dull and grey colour of the sky and also the depressing future of the slum children
‘stars of words’ — refers to the words or literature written by writers like Shakespeare that create images which are as bright, beautiful and inspiring like stars
‘from fog to endless night’ — refers to the future of the slum children which is without any ray of hope, a future that can only go from bad to worse
‘wear skins peeped through by bones’ — refers to the thin emaciated bodies of the children which has been reduced to mere skin and bones
let their tongues /Run naked into books’ — refers to the act of allowing children to go taste/experience the variety life as depicted in the books or giving the children an experience of the beautiful bright world outside the depressing confines of the slum
‘whose language is the sun’ — refers to the children who live in pleasant surroundings and thereby have happier lives

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Simile

‘like rootless weeds’ — the children have been compared to weeds or the unwanted section of society.
‘like bottle bits on stones’ — The spectacles frame their stony-eyed expressions/hard faces.
‘windows that shut upon their lives like catacombs’ — the classroom and the homes in which the slum children live have been compared to underground burial chambers

Imagery

‘weighed down’ — refers to the burden of poverty and hopelessness that weighs down the slum children

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Pun

‘reciting’ literal — the boy is reciting the lesson. figurative — he is more prominently reciting his father’s disease i.e. he has inherited his father’s disease of twisted bones and deformity.
‘sour cream’: literal — the neglected walls have turned a dirty yellow figurative — a dismal place where all dreams turn sour (in this case the classroom)
‘lead sky’ literal — sky polluted with industrial fumes figurative: A sky that does not open opportunities.

Symbol

‘squirrel’s game’ — something that helps the child to escape the grim reality of his surroundings `civilized dome riding all cities’ — cities that show the progress of the civilization and its marvellous architecture (also Personification — riding all cities).
‘open-handed map’ — a map drawn arbitrarily by the people in power and the privileged.
‘map with slums as big as doom’ — the grim reality of the lives of the slum children.
‘fog’ — bleak and unclear.
‘ships and sun’ — adventure and beautiful lands offering opportunities.
‘slag heaps’ — industrial waste, toxic filth and squalor.
‘windows’ — windows of the slum classroom do not open out to opportunities and the wide world. They show only fog covered slums where they are confined.
‘green fields, gold sand’ — colour, happiness, nature and golden opportunities.
‘white and green leaves’ — learning from pages of books and nature.
‘run azure’ — experience the rich colours of the blue waves.
‘sun’ — symbol of enlightenment /clarity/ equality/purity.

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Repetition

Break O break open till they break the town

‘ Far, far’

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