Here is Agriculture mind map from your Class 10 Book Contemporary India II. We’ve made it really very simple to get to know everything about the Chapter Agriculture including key topics, important terms, and concepts. Following is the downloadable image file of the Mind Map-
Agriculture: A Comprehensive Overview
Agriculture is the backbone of India’s economy, employing a large portion of its population. This chapter explores farming methods, crop patterns, reforms, and challenges in the sector.
Types of Farming 🚜
Primitive Subsistence Farming
This method involves clearing and burning small patches of land to grow food for families. It relies on natural soil fertility and monsoon rains.
Intensive Subsistence Farming
Intensive farming is practiced in areas with high population density. It uses more labor and irrigation to maximize production from small plots of land.
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Commercial Farming
This type of farming uses modern inputs like high-yield seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides. Plantation farming, a type of commercial farming, focuses on single crops like tea, coffee, or rubber.
Cropping Patterns 🌱
Rabi Crops
Rabi crops are sown in winter (October-December) and harvested in summer (April-June). Examples include wheat, mustard, and barley.
Kharif Crops
Kharif crops are grown during the monsoon season (June-September). Major crops include paddy, maize, cotton, and jute.
Zaid Crops
Zaid crops are grown in the short summer season between Rabi and Kharif. Watermelon, cucumber, and fodder crops are examples.
Major Crops 🌽
Food Grains
Rice and wheat are India’s staple crops, with rice being the primary Kharif crop and wheat dominating the Rabi season. Millets like jowar, bajra, and ragi are also significant.
Cash Crops
Sugarcane, cotton, and jute are important crops grown for industrial use and export.
Plantation Crops
Tea, coffee, and rubber are plantation crops requiring large areas and significant labor. They are key to India’s economy.
Horticulture
India is a major producer of fruits like mangoes, oranges, and bananas, as well as vegetables like tomatoes and potatoes.
Technological and Institutional Reforms 🛠️
Green Revolution
The Green Revolution introduced high-yield seeds and modern techniques, significantly increasing crop production in select regions.
Land Reforms
The Bhoodan-Gramdan movement distributed land to landless farmers, promoting equitable farming practices.
Infrastructure Development
Government initiatives improved irrigation, provided credit facilities, and established cooperative societies to support farmers.
Food Security 🍞
Buffer Stock
The government maintains a stock of food grains to ensure availability during shortages.
Public Distribution System (PDS)
PDS provides essential commodities at subsidized rates to ensure food security for all.
Farmer Support
Subsidies on seeds, fertilizers, and water help farmers maintain production and ensure food availability.
Impact of Globalization 🌍
Export Crops
India exports spices, cotton, and tea, contributing significantly to its economy.
Challenges
Farmers face competition from subsidized agricultural products of developed countries. This impacts profitability.
Modern Trends
The Gene Revolution focuses on genetic engineering to develop high-yield seeds. Organic farming is gaining popularity for its eco-friendly practices.
Conclusion
Agriculture is central to India’s economy, supporting livelihoods and ensuring food security. With modern reforms and sustainable practices, it can continue to thrive while addressing emerging challenges.