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Forest and Wildlife of India
India is not only famous for its architectural marvels and culture but also for its diverse wildlife and dense forest cover.
India is one of the ten most forest-rich countries in the world with a total cover assessed at 21.05% of the country’s geographical area. The forests play a Vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species. The nation has 691 protected areas comprising of 102 national parks, 528 wildlife sanctuaries, 57 conservation reserves and 4 community reserves.
In India, major types of forests are tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests, montane forests and mangrove forests. The range of these forests is very diverse. They extend from the rain forests of Kerala in the South to the Alpine Pastures of Ladakh, from the desert of Rajasthan in the West to the evergreen forest in the North-East.
Jim Corbett National Park, Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary, Sundarbans National Park are some of the forest covers in India.
Forests are very useful for maintaining the ecosystem. They help to modify the local climate, control soil erosion, regulate stream flow, support wood-based industries, support the livelihood of many communities and also offer a scenic view for recreation. They also reduce the force of wind and thus reduce the effect of storms, maintain temperature and cause rainfall. They provide humus to the soil and shelter to wildlife thus preserving bio-diversity.
At the start of the monsoon season, Indians celebrate Van Mahotsav, a festival to highlight the importance of forests in our lives.
As forests preserve wildlife, India’s rich and diverse wildlife is also preserved in its vast forest expanse. The nation is home to Bengal tigers, deers, pythons, wolves, foxes, bears, crocodiles, camels, monkeys, snakes, the mighty Asian elephant and variety of other species. Around 172 or 2.9% of the endangered species including the Snowleopard, the Dhole, the Indian white-rumped vulture etc which are on the edge of extinction, are still found in the country.
The varied and rich wildlife of India has a profound impact on the region’s popular culture. The common name for wilderness in India is Jungle, which was adopted in the English language. The word has also been made famous in the Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling. India’s wildlife has been the subject of numerous other tales and fables such as the Panchatantra.
In recent decades, human encroachment has posed a threat to both India’s forests and wildlife. The rising demand for forest-based products and the resultant deforestation has led to a severe loss of natural resources and destruction of the habitat of many species. Similarly, activities like poaching and hunting threaten to shrink wildlife in the country.
For the conservation of forests, The Forest Conservation Act 1980 was enacted. It strictly restricts and regulates the dereservation of forests or use of forest land for non- forest purposes without the prior approval of the Central Government. Similarly, the Wildlife Protection Act was implemented by the Government of India in 1972 with the objective of effectively controlling poaching and illegal trade in wildlife and products derived from it.
However, despite this regulatory framework, indiscriminate cutting of trees and hunting and killing of animals continue unabated. This calls for the government to take tighter punitive measures and educate people about the importance of forests and wildlife for the country.
Forests and wildlife are the marvels of nature and serious endeavours should be made to preserve them.
